Selected Literature References

Books

• Phase Contrast and Interference Microscopy for Cell Biologists, Ross, K., Edward Arnold Publishers, Ltd., London, England, 287 pages (1967).
• Phase Microscopy: Principles and Applications, Bennett, A., Osterberg, H, Jupnik, H. and Richards, O., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 320 pages (1951).

Review Articles

• Optical microscopy., Davidson, M. and Abramowitz, M., Encyclopedia of Imaging Science and Technology, Vol. II, Hornak, J. (ed), Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1106-1141 (2002).
• Basics of a light microscopy imaging system and its application in biology., Davidson, L. and Keller, R., Methods in Cellular Imaging, Periasamy, A. (ed), Oxford University Press, New York, 53-65 (2001).
• Phase contrast microscopy., Murphy, D., Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging, Wiley-Liss, New York, 97-112 (2001).
• Microscopy and microscope optical systems., Lanni, F. and Keller, E., Imaging Neurons: A Laboratory Manual, Yuste, R., Lanni, F. and Konnerth, A., (eds), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1.1-1.72 (2000).
• Phase-contrast microscopy., Rost, F. and Oldfield, R., Photography with a Microscope, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 131-136 (2000).
• Extension of the Abbe theory to transparent objects (Zernike's phase contrast)., Goldstein, D., Understanding the Light Microscope, Academic Press, New York, 45-55 (1999).
• Phase contrast., Lacey, A., Light Microscopy in Biology: A Practical Approach, Lacey, A. (ed), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 23-25 (1999).
• Phase contrast., Ruzin, S., Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy, Oxford University Press, New York, 17-20 (1999).
• Contrast enhancement techniques for light microscopy., Sanderson, J., Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook, Vol. III, Celis, J. (ed), Academic Press, New York, 15-33 (1998).
• Phase contrast., Keller, E., Cells: A Laboratory Manual, Vol. II, Spector, D., Goldman, R., and Leinwand, L., (eds), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 94.30-94.31 (1998).
• Contrast II: Techniques using condenser plus objective., Foster, B., Optimizing Light Microscopy for Biological and Clinical Laboratories, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, Iowa, 63-69 (1997).
• Phase contrast, modulation contrast, single-sideband edge enhancement (SSEE)., Inoué, S. and Spring, K., Video Microscopy: The Fundamentals, Plenum Press, New York, 71-75 (1997).
• Phase contrast and modulation contrast., Bradbury, S. and Evennett, P., Contrast Techniques in Light Microscopy, BIOS Scientific Publishers, Ltd., Oxford, England, 59-76 (1996).
• Contrast generation., Inoué, S. and Oldenbourg, R., Handbook of Optics II: Devices, Measurements, and Properties, Bass, M. (ed), McGraw-Hill, New York, 17.22-17.27 (1995).
• Phase-contrast illumination., Polaroid Technical Assistance, Photomicrography: Instant Photography Through the Microscope, Polaroid Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 56-57 (1995).
• Contrast: phase, amplitude, and color., Rochow, T. and Tucker, P., Introduction to Microscopy by Means of Light, Electrons, X Rays, or Acoustics, Plenum Press, New York, 199-220 (1994).
• Phase contrast microscopy., Oldfield, R., Light Microscopy: An Illustrated Guide, Mosby-Year Book Europe, Ltd., London, England, 95-104 (1994).
• Principles, practice, and applications of video-enhanced contrast microscopy., Weiss, D. and Maile, W., Electronic Light Microscopy: Techniques in Modern Biomedical Microscopy, Shotton, D. (ed), Wiley-Liss, New York, 106-140 (1993).
• Imaging of phase objects., Slayter, E. and Slayter, H., Light and Electron Microscopy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 149-167 (1992).
• Phase contrast microscopy., Richardson, J., Handbook for the Light Microscope: A User's Guide, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 147-165 (1991).
• Special optical techniques of image formation: phase-contrast microscopy., James, J. and Tanke, H., Biomedical Light Microscopy, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, 67-78 (1991).
• Phase contrast and Nomarski interference., Smith, R., Microscopy and Photomicrography: A Working Manual, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 59-69 (1990).
• Phase contrast microscopy., Pluta, M., Advanced Light Microscopy: Vol. II, Specialized Methods, Elsevier Science Publishing, Inc., New York, 1-90 (1989).
• Microscopic objects: classification and notions., Pluta, M., Advanced Light Microscopy: Vol. I, Principles and Basic Properties, Elsevier Science Publishing, Inc., New York, 129-134 (1988).
• Phase-contrast method., Delly, J., Photography Through the Microscope, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York, 75-76 (1988).
• Phase contrast microscopy., Determann, H. and Lepusch, F., The Microscope and Its Application, Ernst Leitz Wetzlar, Inc., Deerfield, Illinois, 19-22 and 47-48 (1988).
• Generation of image contrast., Inoué, S., Video Microscopy, Plenum Press, New York, 118-126 (1986).
• Phase contrast microscopy., Abramowitz, M., Contrast Methods in Microscopy: Transmitted Light, Olympus America Inc., New York, 19-23 (1985).
• Bright-field, phase and dark-field microscopy., Spencer, M., Fundamentals of Light Microscopy, Cambridge University Press, New York, 32-39 (1982).
• The application of phase microscopy., Loveland, R., Photomicrography: A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. II, Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, Florida, 540-554 (1981).
• Phase contrast microscopy., Marmasse, C., Microscopes and Their Uses, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Inc., New York, 280-297 (1980).
• Methods in achieving and improving contrast., McLaughlin, R., Special Methods in Light Microscopy, Microscope Publications, Ltd., Chicago, Illinois, 81-126 (1977).
• Phase contrast microscopy., Bradbury, S., The Optical Microscope in Biology, Edward Arnold Publishers, Ltd., London, England, 26-33 (1976).
• Origins of contrast., Slayter, E., Optical Methods in Biology, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 253-263 (1970).
• Phase contrast microscopy., Slayter, E., Optical Methods in Biology, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 288-302 (1970).
• The microscopy of phase objects., Martin, L., The Theory of the Microscope, American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 338-412 (1966).
• Phase-contrast microscopy., Francon, M., Progress in Microscopy, Row, Peterson and Company, New York, 64-93 (1961).
• Phase, interference and polarizing microscopy., Barer, R., Analytical Cytology, Mellors, R. (ed), McGraw-Hill, New York, 169-272 (1959).
• The phase-contrast microscope., Needham, G., The Practical Use of the Microscope, Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Illinois, 151-162 (1958).

Original Research Reports

• Getting the best out of your microscope., Bradbury, S., Proceedings of the Royal Microscopical Society: 15, 270-279 (1980).
• Measurement with phase and interference microscopes., Richards, O., Symposium on Microcopy, ASTM STP: 257, 6-18 (1959).
• How I discovered phase contrast., Zernike, F., Science: 121, 345-349 (1955).
• A vector theory of phase contrast and interference contrast. III. Negative phase contrast., Barer, R., Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society: 73, 30-39 (1953).
• A vector theory of phase contrast and interference contrast. IV. Type B phase contrast., Barer, R., Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society: 73, 206-215 (1953).
• A vector theory of phase contrast and interference contrast. I. Positive phase contrast., Barer, R., Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society: 72, 10-38 (1952).
• A vector theory of phase contrast and interference contrast. II. Positive phase contrast (continued)., Barer, R., Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society: 72, 81-88 (1952).
• The refractometry of living cells., Barer, R. and Ross, K., Journal of Physiology: 118, 38-46 (1952).
• Phase-contrast, a new method for microscopic observation of transparent objects. Part I.., Zernike, F., Physica: 9, 686-698 (1942).
• Phase-contrast, a new method for microscopic observation of transparent objects. Part II.., Zernike, F., Physica: 9, 974-986 (1942).
• Diffraction theory of the knife-edge test and its improved form, the phase-contrast method., Zernike, F., Royal Astronomy Society Monthly Notices: 94, 377-384 (1934).